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Umberto Eco Makes a List of the 1. Common Features of Fascism.
Creative Commons image by Rob Bogaerts, via the National Archives in Holland. One of the key questions facing both journalists and loyal oppositions these days is how do we stay honest as euphemisms and trivializations take over the discourse?
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Can we use words like “fascism,” for example, with fidelity to the meaning of that word in world history? The term, after all, devolved decades after World War II into the trite expression fascist pig, writes Umberto Eco in his 1. Contrary to common opinion, fascism in Italy had no special philosophy.” It did, however, have style, “a way of dressing—far more influential, with its black shirts, than Armani, Benetton, or Versace would ever be.” The dark humor of the comment indicates a critical consensus about fascism. As a form of extreme nationalism, it ultimately takes on the contours of whatever national culture produces it.
It may seem to tax one word to make it account for so many different cultural manifestations of authoritarianism, across Europe and even South America. Italy may have been .
But Eco is perplexed “why the word fascism became a synecdoche, that is, a word that could be used for different totalitarian movements.” For one thing, he writes, fascism was a fuzzy totalitarianism, a collage of different philosophical and political ideas, a beehive of contradictions.”While Eco is firm in claiming “There was only one Nazism. But it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it.” The cult of tradition.
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The Nazi gnosis was nourished by traditionalist, syncretistic, occult elements.” The rejection of modernism. In this sense Ur- Fascism can be defined as irrationalism.” The cult of action for action’s sake. Thinking is a form of emasculation.” Disagreement is treason. In modern culture the scientific community praises disagreement as a way to improve knowledge.” Fear of difference. Thus Ur- Fascism is racist by definition.” Appeal to social frustration. The easiest way to solve the plot is the appeal to xenophobia.”The enemy is both strong and weak. This cult of heroism is strictly linked with the cult of death.” Machismo and weaponry.
I’d like to believe that opposition is like an immune system response that kicks in.”One detail of Eco’s essay that often goes unremarked is his characterization of the Italian opposition movement's unlikely coalitions. The Resistance included Communists who “exploited the Resistance as if it were their personal property,” and leaders like Eco’s childhood hero Franchi, “so strongly anti- Communist that after the war he joined very right- wing groups.” This itself may be a specific feature of an Italian resistance, one not observable across the number of nations that have resisted totalitarian governments.
As for the seeming total lack of common interest between these parties, Eco simply says, “Who cares?. Liberation was a common deed for people of different colors.”Read Eco’s essay at The New York Review of Books. There he elaborates on each element of fascism at greater length. And support NYRB by becoming a subscriber. Kottke. Related Content: Umberto Eco Dies at 8. Leaves Behind Advice to Aspiring Writers. Rare 1. 94. 0 Audio: Thomas Mann Explains the Nazis’ Ulterior Motive for Spreading Anti- Semitism.
George Orwell Reviews Mein Kampf: “He Envisages a Horrible Brainless Empire” (1. Josh Jones is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC. Follow him at @jdmagness.