Cockroach - Wikipedia. Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 3. 0 cockroach species out of 4,6. About four species are well known as pests.
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- Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats.
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The cockroaches are an ancient group, dating back at least as far as the Carboniferous period, some 3. Those early ancestors however lacked the internal ovipositors of modern roaches. Cockroaches are somewhat generalized insects without special adaptations like the sucking mouthparts of aphids and other true bugs; they have chewing mouthparts and are likely among the most primitive of living neopteran insects.
They are common and hardy insects, and can tolerate a wide range of environments from Arctic cold to tropical heat. Tropical cockroaches are often much bigger than temperate species, and, contrary to popular belief, extinct cockroach relatives and 'roachoids' such as the Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian. Apthoroblattina were not as large as the biggest modern species.
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Some species, such as the gregarious German cockroach, have an elaborate social structure involving common shelter, social dependence, information transfer and kin recognition. Cockroaches have appeared in human culture since classical antiquity. They are popularly depicted as dirty pests, though the great majority of species are inoffensive and live in a wide range of habitats around the world. Taxonomy and evolution.
Cockroaches are members of the order Blattodea, which includes the termites, a group of insects once thought to be separate from cockroaches. Currently, 4,6. 00 species and over 4. The current catalogue of world cockroach species uses the name Blattodea for the group. As the body, hind wings and mouthparts are not preserved in fossils frequently, the relationship of these roachoids and modern cockroaches remains disputed.
The first fossils of modern cockroaches with internal ovipositors appeared in the early Cretaceous. A recent phylogenetic analysis suggests that cockroaches originated at least in the Jurassic.
The cockroach families Corydiidae and Ectobiidae were previously known as the Polyphagidae and Blattellidae. However, recent genetic evidence strongly suggests that they evolved directly from 'true' cockroaches, and many authors now place them as an .
This hypothesis was originally based on similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in termites regarded as living fossils and wood- eating cockroaches. Mc. Kittrick (1. 96. Such measure preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. The world's heaviest cockroach is the Australian giant burrowing cockroach. Macropanesthia rhinoceros, which can reach 9 cm (3.
They have a relatively small head and a broad, flattened body, and most species are reddish- brown to dark brown. They have large compound eyes, two ocelli, and long, flexible antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include generalized chewing mandibles, salivary glands and various touch and taste receptors. The external surface has a tough exoskeleton which contains calcium carbonate and protects the inner organs and provides attachment to muscles. It is coated with wax to repel water. The wings are attached to the second and third thoracic segments. The tegmina, or first pair of wings, are tough and protective, lying as a shield on top of the membranous hind wings, which are used in flight.
All four wings have branching longitudinal veins, and multiple cross- veins. The front legs are the shortest and the hind legs the longest, providing the main propulsive power when the insect runs. The structures have been used as inspiration for robotic legs. Segment ten bears a pair of cerci, a pair of anal styles, the anus and the external genitalia.
Males have an aedeagus through which they secrete sperm during copulation and females have spermathecae for storing sperm and an ovipositor through which the ootheca is laid. Some species are capable of surviving temperatures of . Many live in leaf litter, among the stems of matted vegetation, in rotting wood, in holes in stumps, in cavities under bark, under log piles and among debris. Some live in arid regions and have developed mechanisms to survive without access to water sources. Others are aquatic, living near the surface of water bodies, including bromeliadphytotelmata, and diving to forage for food. Most of these respire by piercing the water surface with the tip of the abdomen which acts as a snorkel, but some carry a bubble of air under their thoracic shield when they submerge.
Others live in the forest canopy where they may be one of the main types of invertebrate present. Here they may hide during the day in crevices, among dead leaves, in bird and insect nests or among epiphytes, emerging at night to feed. Download Full Once Upon A Time In Venice (2017). Some species secrete these in their feces with gut microbial symbionts being involved, while others use glands located on their mandibles. Pheromones produced by the cuticle may enable cockroaches to distinguish between different populations of cockroach by odor. The behaviors involved have only been studied in a few species, but German cockroaches leave fecal trails with an odor gradient. Thus, cockroaches have emergent behavior, in which group or swarm behavior emerges from a simple set of individual interactions.
In 2. 00. 5, the role of one of these proteins, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), was isolated and found to be a key mediator in the circadian rhythms of the cockroach. Many tropical species prefer even warmer environments. Cockroaches are mainly nocturnal. An exception to this is the Asian cockroach, which flies mostly at night but is attracted to brightly- lit surfaces and pale colors. When a sufficient number of individuals (a .
In a study where 5. When the capacity of the shelters was increased to more than 5.
Cooperation and competition are balanced in cockroach group decision- making behavior. A study used specially- scented roach- sized robots that appear to the roaches as real to demonstrate that once there are enough insects in a place to form a critical mass, the roaches accepted the collective decision on where to hide, even if this was an unusually light place.
In one study, isolated cockroaches were less likely to leave their shelters and explore, spent less time eating, interacted less with conspecifics when exposed to them, and took longer to recognize receptive females. Because these changes occurred in many contexts, the authors suggested them as constituting a behavioral syndrome. These effects might have been due either to reduced metabolic and developmental rates in isolated individuals or the fact that the isolated individuals hadn't had a training period to learn about what others were like via their antennae. In addition, group personality is not simply the sum of individual choices, but reflects conformity and collective decision- making. Lihoreau and his fellow researchers stated. The Madagascar hissing cockroach produces its sound through the modified spiracles on the fourth abdominal segment.
Several different hisses are produced, including disturbance sounds, produced by adults and larger nymphs, and aggressive, courtship and copulatory sounds produced by adult males. They have been observed producing hisses and whistles from air forced through the spiracles. Furthermore, in the presence of a potential mate, some cockroaches tap the substrate in a rhythmic, repetitive manner. Acoustic signals may be of greater prevalence amongst perching species, particularly those that live on low vegetation in Australia's tropics.
In many species, these symbionts may be essential if the insect is to utilize cellulose; however, some species secrete cellulase in their saliva, and the wood- eating cockroach, Panesthia cribrata, is able to survive indefinitely on a diet of crystallized cellulose while being free of micro- organisms. It may be that N. When the carbon dioxide level in the insect rises high enough, valves on the spiracles open and carbon dioxide diffuses out and oxygen diffuses in.